Managing Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Overseeing Finance - Research Paper Example Proportion examination is the critical apparatus for researching the budgetary presentation of the organization. It helps in breaking down the budget reports and the bookkeeping proportions help with knowing the company’s money related position. The proportions are likewise basic for assessing the proficiency of the organization comparable to its administration and tasks. Based on the proportion investigation, organizations define their tentative arrangements. By doing the investigation of various proportions, organizations come to realize how well they are proceeding when contrasted with earlier years just as to its rivals (Khan and Jain, 2007). The benefit proportions mean whether the business resources are being used adequately so as to create sensible income. The liquidity proportions help with deciding if the association is equipped for satisfying the money related necessities in present moment. The effectiveness proportions imply the level to which the benefits have been fit for making deals. Budgetary influence proportions investigate the money related development of the organization. Venture proportions help the speculators to settle on their basic choices. A numerical examination is done by ascertaining various proportions, for example, benefit, liquidity, effectiveness, venture, money related, and income proportions just as on the Z-Score to perceive the presentation of both the organizations for the year 2012 and 2013. The numerical examination shows that Ooredoo Telecom is considered as the more fluid organization while the gainfulness proportions of Zain Telecom are higher.

Its A Wonderful Life Essays - Films, Its A Wonderful Life

Its A Wonderful life Picture a small kid loaded with life and joy. The adoration for his folks appears through his eyes, grin, and tears. A few people might want to feel that those things about a kid are actually what make life brilliant. Individuals who imagine that way have no clue how right they are. Its a magnificent life to realize that your parent's fantasies live on in you. The fantasy of a mother; that her child will be a specialist. The fantasy of a dad; that his child will some time or another become a significant group baseball player. Above all things considered, that a kid can say as a man, Its a Wonderful Life. It's a Wonderful Life are valid anecdotes about occasions that occurred in my life that will be with me until the end of time. I can recall when I was a young man, I played my first round of baseball. My granddad rehearsed with me the entire week before the game. Getting and tossing that baseball appeared to be a b-ball in my little hands. My granddad told me the best way to put my feet in the hitters box and how to bat. From that day on, I was enamored with the sport of baseball. Since I think back I wonder what implied more to me, getting that baseball or the way that my granddad showed me the game. As I became more established and increasingly develop I took in a ton about my granddad. I was recounted anecdotes about his life and what an extraordinary ballplayer he was. He could have gone ace, however he didn't have the help of his folks. Rather he felt free to join the military. It would execute most men to come that near their fantasies, however on the off chance that you ask him it was an awesome life. I was presently a young person at sixteen years old, and the time had come to get my driver's permit. This was a day that each parent fears, and my mother was one of them. I can recollect approaching my mom for the vehicle keys with the goal that I could take my street test. I identified a little grin under her moving eyes and stone hard grimace. My mother saw how she felt when she got her permit. It implied opportunity and duty regarding somebody she raised from a child. I can in any case recall mother saying, You damn children grow up excessively quick as a solitary tear moved down her face. That night I didn't go out. My mom and I talked for hours about how it was the point at which she was youthful. It was a charming night just conversing with her. It was an awesome life. Graduation day from secondary school never comes soon enough, so we think. Until the day is over then we wish a large portion of our lives we could return to that time. It was the 6th of June 1996, graduation day. I never felt so glad to have a bit of paper in my grasp. That paper was worth four years of my life. It represented my unpleasant days at school. It implied four years of baseball, football, and wrestling. The long stretches of my life that were difficult to suffer, however so natural to think back on. These were the days that tried my information and soul. These are the individuals and spots that will live in my memory until the end of time. There was a spot called Leather treater Park. This was the spot everybody went to escape from everything. Individuals flaunted their vehicles and tossed around the old football. The young ladies there wouldn't care about me, however however I despite everything figured out how to have a fabulous time. I recollect the throughout the night parties that appeared to never end. In spite of the fact that these four years of my life were during my youth, they helped make it a magnificent life. My life isn't finished. The existence I live is far from over. I don't lament any of the things that I've said or done on the grounds that they are what make up my life. The fantasies my folks have for me live on in my heart ordinarily alongside my own. It doesn't make a difference if those fantasies become reality, for I realize I've invested my best energy forward and that my fantasies will live on in my youngsters. That is the thing that will make my life really brilliant.

What is Promissory Estoppel

What is Promissory Estoppel WHAT IS PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL: A COMPLETE GUIDE TO INVOKE THE DOCTRINEWhat happens when somebody makes you a promise but doesnt keep it?You take the promise in good faith, start to rely on it and can even take action based on the promise- only to find the person who made the promise doesnt come through.What can you do in such cases?Generally, you consider it a lost cause and move on with life adopting caution so that you dont make the same mistake again.That could make you think that promises are meant to be broken, right?You might be unaware, but the law enables you to sue the promisor for your damages even when there is no signed contract.Its made possible by something known as promissory estoppel.A legally enforceable contract consists of three elements; namely, intention, agreement and consideration.The element to be discussed in this particular question is the element of the agreement.A contract is between two parties. In other words, it is consensual.Hence it is material for the parties to be in agreement.The element of the agreement, therefore, requires what is known as the ‘meeting of minds’, wherein both parties understand the essential terms of the contract in the same way.The agreement is composed of two components â€" offer and acceptance.An offer is a statement that signifies that the offeror is willing to contract.Acceptance, on the other hand, is a reply to the offer, through actions or words, that assents to the terms of the offer.There are two requirements that a statement must fulfill to qualify as an offer.One, the offer must be sufficiently complete.The essential terms of the proposed contract must be made clear, i.e. what is being offered, for how much is it being offered, and any other detail that might be relevant to the case in hand.Two, the statement must be promissory.This means that the wording of the offeror must be such that it reflects the willingness of the offeror to undertake liability, or to give or do the concerned thing.In Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552 this very issue of what constitutes an offer was raised. Harvey sent Facey a telegram worded as follows:Will you sell us Bumper Hall Pen? Telegraph lowest cash price â€" answer paid.In reply to this, Facey sent,Lowest price for Bumper Hall Pen 900 pounds.After this, Harvey again telegrammed Facey, saying that he was ready to purchase the pen at the price quoted by Facey.However, Facey refused to sell, and Harvey moved Court.It was held that ‘Lowest price for Bumper Hall Pen 900 pounds’ could not be held as an offer. It was only information provided, not a promise made.In general, an acceptance is complete when communication about it reaches the offeror.However, there is one exception to this rule.This exception is called the ‘postal acceptance rule’. This applies to cases where the parties have decided the method of acceptance via post.The general rule states that for acceptance to be complete it is necessary for the communication to reach the of feror, but in this case, acceptance is complete when and where, the letter of acceptance is posted.However, the postal acceptance rule is inapplicable to modern instant methods of communication including facsimile, telex, email etc.In Entores Ltd v. Miles Far East Corporation [1955] EWCA Civ 3, Entores, a London-based trading company, wishing to purchase copper cathodes, sent an offer by telex to a Dutch company.The Dutch company also sent its acceptance by telex, but the contract was not fulfilled.Entores could only bring an action in the UK if it could be proven that the contract was formed in the UK, i.e. within the jurisdiction and not in Amsterdam.It was held that the postal rule would not apply to instantaneous communication. Hence the contract was only formed when and where the telex was received, i.e. London.WHAT IS PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL?Promissory estoppel is a legal principle which makes promises enforceable by law even when the promise lacks a formal consideration.The princ iple is applicable when a promisee relies on the promise made by the promisor and encounters a subsequent detriment as a result of the promise.Promissory estoppel prevents a promisor from arguing that his promise cannot be legally enforced or upheld. Lets take an example to make the concept clear-Imagine that you are the principal of a school.A person from an education technology company approaches you to discuss the implementation of digital learning in your campus.The person shows you how the students can benefit from using tablets, videos, internet and other resources to enhance their learning and understanding.You are certainly excited by the idea and start to plan for the program.You place the order for tablets and even apply for internet connection and other requirements to implement the program.Next, you contact the parents and tell them all about the new development who also like the idea.But without any notice, the education technology company retracts their promise.You end up thinking that there is no way to recover the expenses you made for the program and are also concerned about facing embarrassment in front of the parents.Now, there is no way you can save yourself from the embarrassment from the parents, but the principle of promissory estoppel can help you to recover the financial losses.Promissory estoppel can enable you to recover damages if the damages occur as a part of the promise made by the promisor.Another implication is you must have taken some action based on the promise even when there is no written contract.Most countries in the world have adopted some form of promissory estoppel though the name and conditions may vary.The legal principle aims to protect promises from detriments which result from the withdrawal or retracement of a promise by the promisor.FEW WORDS ON ESTOPPELEstoppel is also a legal principle which prevents a person from alleging facts that dont match with his former claims or actions.Estoppel can prevent unfair trea tment of a person based on the inconsistency of another persons actions or words.In simple terms, estoppel prevents a person from making contradictory claims which dont match with their previous actions or claims.You can find different types of estoppels in law such as equitable estoppel, collateral estoppel and promissory estoppel- all of which can be upheld as legal defense tools when someone goes against their former claims or actions.A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PROMISSORY ESTOPPELPromissory estoppel was included under the purview of American contract law back in 1932.You can trace the roots of promissory estoppel in equity and is applicable in all states of America.Any party can take help of the legal principle when some prerequisites are met, and they feel the promise has wronged them.Promissory estoppel is discretionary just like all other equitable principles.That means there is a stark difference with absolute legal rights such as the right to detriments for breach of contract.Promi ssory estoppel can only be used when the court decides that the wrongdoing can be resolved only by enforcement of the promise.Like we already discussed, promissory estoppel doesnt require a written contract.So, you can invoke the estoppel to recover your losses, but it depends on the court whether your estoppel will stand or not.Under the contract law, a person making a promise or agreement is liable to receive consideration.Legal consideration is considered a valuable asset which two parties exchange when they come into a contract by making a promise or agreement.To legally enforce a contract, you need some considerations which can be a sum of money or the promise to withhold some action.A court might choose to enforce a promise even in the absence of any consideration if the promisee relied on the promise and the act led to detrimental consequences for the promisee.WHEN CAN YOU USE PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL?According to the law, the principle of promissory estoppel is only applicable wh en a party uses his words or actions to create an unequivocal promise to another person who can create legal relationships or impact a legal relationship to develop in the future.The promisor knows that the other party is likely to act on the promise which makes it binding and prevents them from going back upon it.To invoke the principle of promissory estoppel, the promisee doesnt necessarily need any detriment, but only needs to act in reliance to the promise.The court will determine whether the promisee had to alter his position based on the promise in judging the validity of the case.So, when can you exactly use promissory estoppel?A few factors must be present in order for you to be able to invoke promissory estoppel. Here are some of the factors you need to use the legal principle:1. The Presence of a PromisorIts a no brainer that you need to have a promisor to take help of promissory estoppel. The promisor should have made a promise using his words or actions which results in the promisee taking action or altering his position.A promisor can be an individual person, a corporation, business or other forms of entity.At rare occasions, the state can also be considered to be a promisor when all other requirements are met (we will discuss the implications of the state as a promisor in a short while).For example, an employer who promises to pay a certain sum to an employee for his service is the promisor.2. A Promisee Who Relies on the PromiseThe second prerequisite you need to invoke promissory estoppel is the presence of a promisee. The promisee can be a person or an organization who takes the promise to be binding and takes action based on it.The promisee is also the entity to suffer the negative consequences of breaking the promise which may or may not result in a detriment.For example, the employee is the promisee who started his job on the basis of compensation promised by the employer.3. The Promise or RepresentationYou cannot invoke promissory estoppel unless there is a promise involved. It may be in oral or written form and forms the basis of the whole argument once the case is raised in the court.Here, the promise made by the employer to pay a sum to the employee is the representation.4. Legal Relationship between Promisor and PromiseeYou can establish a legal relationship between two parties by creating a contract. In the case of promissory estoppel, a legal relationship must be perceived by the court between the parties even in the absence of a written contract.For this reason, even pre-contractual negotiations are included under the scope of promissory estoppels.In case of our example, the court will accept a legal relationship between the employer and employee because they are tied in a professional relationship based on the promise.CAN YOU INVOKE PROMISSORY ESTOPPEL AGAINST THE STATE?Governments also make promises which could lead the citizens to alter their course of action.But there is a lot of dispute associated with wh ether you can raise a case of promissory estoppel against the state.Some lawyers agree that a person or entity can use the promissory estoppel against the state when all other prerequisites are met.But it is also taken for granted that the doctrine should not be used lightly against the government.You cannot hold the state liable for promissory estoppels in the same manner as an individual or corporation.The state may not be able to assert its powers if the same conditions applied to it as individuals or corporations.So, you will not be able to apply the principle of promissory estoppel generally against a state in its sovereign, public or governmental capacity.Let us take an example to assist our explanation.The government makes an announcement that it is going to offer tax reliefs to entrepreneurs if they open a production plant in a chosen area of the country.An entrepreneur relies on the announcement and builds a factory in the chosen area to take advantage of the tax relief.But the government retraces its step on the promise after the factory is opened.Now, it is clear that the entrepreneur acted on the promise of the government and opened the factory which signifies taking action. He may also have invested money to create the factory.But he will not be able to bring a case of promissory estoppel against the state because the contracts which you need to implicate the state have a specialized form.You can only invoke promissory estoppel against the government when there is direct injustice involved, or the estoppel is required to prevent cases of fraud.HOW DOES THE COURT JUDGE CASES OF PROMISSORY ESTOPPELS?You will need to meet the above prerequisites we discussed to raise a case of promissory estoppel in the court.The court will then try to determine if the case qualifies under promissory estoppel by judging the presence of a few elements which include-The promise made by the promisor is significant enough to make the promisee to actThe promisee acted or relied on the promiseThe promisee experienced a detriment when the promise was not fulfilledJustice can be served only if the promise is fulfilled1. The Promise is Significant Enough to Make the Promisee ActThe court will take into account all the circumstances and try to find out if the promise was significant enough to make the promisee act.In other words, the court will try to determine if the promisor was able to foresee that the promisee would rely or act on the promise.The court will try to assess the situation using various evidences, such as communication between the two parties.In Double AA Builders v. Grand State Construction, the general contractor Double AA Builders was collecting bids for parts of work for a larger project.Double AA Builders made it clear to all the subcontractors that their bids would contribute towards the completion of the overall project.Grand State Construction, a subcontractor, sent a bid for $ $115,000 and mentioned that their price is applicable for 30 days.The communication was conducted over fax though Grand State Construction didnt sign the document.Double AA builders depended on Grand State Constructions bid to set their price for the bigger project and also ended the bidding process.But Grand State Construction didnt keep their promise and backed out within 30 days. As a result, Double AA builders had to find another subcontractor and paid them $130,000 to carry out the work.Double AA builders filed a case of promissory estoppel, and the court ruled in their favor.The court maintained that Grand State Construction should have been able to foresee that Double AA builders would depend on their bid in preparing their overall price and ruled that the bid provided by the subcontractor was more than just intent to work.2. The Promisee Relied on the PromiseThe plaintiff will have to prove to the court that they relied on the promise and altered their position based on the promise.You will have to establish a direct cause and effect relationship between your action and the promise of the promisor.Quake Construction v. American Airlines case shows that proving a direct cause-effect relationship can help in invoking promissory estoppel.American Airlines made an oral promise to subcontractor Quake Construction that it was awarding them a project to carry out the expansion of its facility at Chicagos O’Hare Airport.Quake Construction relied on the promise and made investments in recruiting a project manager, expanding into bigger office space and also hired other subcontractors to help them in the airport expansion project.But American Airlines backed up from their promise which led Quake Construction to file a case of promissory estoppel against the company.The court ruled that Quake Construction had relied on the oral promise and took action to expand office space and hire other subcontractors and employees.A direct cause and effect relationship was established, as Quake Construction wouldnt have taken all the actions in the absence of the promise. As a result, the case was awarded to Quake Construction.3. The Presence of Detriment as a Consequence of the PromiseYou dont always need the presence of a detriment to invoke promissory estoppel, but it can undoubtedly strengthen the case in favor of the plaintiff.You will certainly benefit if you can prove to the court that you have suffered a detriment such as a financial loss.Detriments are not always financial in nature and can be anything that puts you in a worse position for relying on the promise.In Double AA Builders v. Grand State Construction, Double AA Builders suffered a direct detriment by relying on Grand State Constructions bid.They had to pay $130,000 to another subcontractor for doing the job while the original bid was for $ $115,000.That means Double AA Builders suffered a detriment of $15,000 ($130,000 $ $115,000).In the case of Quake Construction v. American Airlines, the detriment was not purely financial.They had expanded their office space and hired other employees who became useless as the promise was not fulfilled. As a result, they were put in a worse position which qualified as a detriment.4. Justice can be Served Only if the Promise is FulfilledThe court will decide whether the fulfilment of the promise can prevent injustice. Injustice is a legal term which denotes unfair results. If you are liable to face injustice if the promise is not fulfilled, then the court will try to provide justice by awarding your damages.The damages awarded by the court will be limited to reliance damages, which mean you will only get the amount of detriment directly related to the reliance on the promise.You should not expect the court to award you expectation damages which include the full value of agreements.In promissory estoppel cases, the court will award you only the damages which it deems necessary to avoid injustice.For example, lets say you contact a plumber to work at your house but dont provide a ny binding contract.The plumber buys pipes, taps and other accessories required for the work. But on the day of the job, you back out and cancel your promise.The plumber will be able to invoke promissory estoppel and get paid for the detriment which includes the costs of pipes, taps and other accessories.He will not get the full amount promised for the job, but only as much as required to cover for his actual expenses.FINAL THOUGHTSPromissory estoppel can be a lifesaver when you dont have a written contract, and the promisor doesnt fulfill his promise.You will need to prove that you have faced negative consequences or detriments to win the case in your favour.

The Industrial Revolution Environmental - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2463 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Industrial Revolution Essay Did you like this example? Isaiah Kessler Womack A05 Assignment #3 Rough Draft 19 November 2018 The Industrial Revolution: Environmental Decay in 18th Century Britain The Industrial Revolution followed colonialism and is marked as the time in which we as human beings progressed into the modern age. During the time of the Industrial Revolution there was a great expanse in technological innovations and many changes to human society. Major countries, such as Britain and the United states, that underwent large scale industrialization, turned into hubs of manufacturing and consumerism. Economics was fueled by supply and demand of product and the capitalist desire for wealth. During this time many new inventions came forward as many entrepreneurs driven by the alluring dream of wealth and power pushed to earn a living. Philosophers such as Thomas Malthus published new ideas about society and different ideologies revolving around the expansion of human population and consumption. However, it was during this time that environmental policy took to the back-burner. With new theories of economics and societal structures such as Capitalism, Socialism, and Utopianism taking shape, the environment as a social and economic concern lost viability and was removed from the scope of concern. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Industrial Revolution Environmental" essay for you Create order An example of economics taking precedence over the environment is the introduction of coal as a main source of power and its heavy consumption which lead to huge environmental implications but great economic gain. The issue with these new social constructions was that they were concerned primarily with the success of man economically, and less concerned with the progress of man in the long run. Many philosophers talked about making money but then depleted the resources needed to make their money. Thomas Malthus actually predicted this over expansion and consumption when he said that population would outgrow its resources as a result of the Industrial Revolution (Chang). Entrepreneurs effectively dried their wells, which inspires me to ask the following question: How did the Industrial Revolution in Britain situated men against the natural world in terms of resources and control? My assertion is that during the Industrial Revolution in Britain environmental issues appear as a result of lack of understanding that assets must be protected in order to maintain growth and wealth. Environmental issues, which emerged during the Industrial Revolution in 18th Century Britain, were the byproduct of changing attitudes of mans relationship to his environment. This attitude was sculpted by several reasons; greater resource demands for capitalist growth, cultural systematic consumption, and changes in living habits by human beings. Understanding of the development of this attitude toward the environment is important to scholars today because as it stands our environment in in peril and to have any chance of future success, the errors of the past should be understood and acknowledged. There are several views on what really caused the change in relationship between man and the environment. For example, scholars such as Murphy and Grove claim that the cause of environmental neglect was a result of colonialism and the mindset of the control of the natural world. Domination and control were the premise behind colonial expansion and with this came a desire to dominate the natural world. Both Murphy and Grove explain that colonialism created a new understanding and relationship with the environment. This relationship involved controlling it and using the resources for ones own needs. The desire for new trading commodities leads to the utilization of natural resources and the eventual decline of the environment (Murphy 8). For example, ungulate grazing in Mexico by Spanish conquistadors resulted in a huge change to the landscape and environment in central Mexico (Melville 9). Colonialism progressed as a viable economic resource for wealthier nations and was very prevalent as a cause of climate change and global warming. Demand for resources was the beginning of man against nature, but it wasnt the defining moment that set our current track. It wasnt until the Industrial Revolution that there was a solidification of the use of resources for gain. There were new resources that had never been utilized prior to the development of technology. It is true that the impacts of colonialism were great, but the ideology of colonialism did not set up human beings for future decline. It is also possible to argue that the agricultural revolution is the cause for the mindset of man against nature. As ancient peoples first began to develop agriculture they often burned and destroyed natural forests to replace them with crops and pasture land. This movement from nomadic life to sedentary life was a primary cause for overall environmental decline (Gautschi). Human progression as a result of the agricultural revolution was a major cause for the beginnings of climate change and landscape changes. Many groups that were once mobile became stagnant and thus their impact was magnified. Concentrations of waste and consumption lead to greater decline of the environment as before the stagnation of populations the land had time to naturally recover from human interaction. The change from nomadic to stagnant life may very well be the start of all humans trouble with the environment, however with the development of industrial practice and the movement of more people into city centers there was an exponential growth of impact during the Industrial Revolution and into the modern age. The development of technology and discovery of new resources ultimately lead to the proliferation of environmental degradation; to a large extent the social and environmental impacts of resource frontiers were shaped by markets, innovation, and industrialization (Murphy 10). Progress of man leads to the decline of the environment and it was during the Industrial Revolution that historians can see one of the greatest booms in technological and societal advancement. This is especially prevalent in large nations such as Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries. Both industrialization and colonialism shared many ideals and basic premises that were realized and put into practice on a greater scale during the Industrial Revolution. Colonialism was simply a foundation for the Industrial Revolution and imperialism was the result of it. Resource consumption during early colonialism was hardly anything compared to the destruction wrought by the industrialization of major nations such as Britain and the imperialism that followed. Also, we see many thinkers during colonialism talk about domination of the natural world while in the industrial age the focus was on mastery of this world (Pisani). The difference between mastery and domination is that mastery is a complete control while domination is an exercise of control or dominance. During colonialism the main premise was the consumption of resources from other places where the impacts were seldom seen as they were out of sight and out of mind. Britain being a major contributor to colonialism was primarily focused on the acquisition of goods such as sugar and other commodities that were produced outside of its own borders. The Industrial Revolution marked the movement of production to the home front. In Britain, there was greater resource demand as a result of invention, capitalism, profiteering and desire for economic prosperity. This is demonstrated by Kenneth Sokoloff who presents a sample of patent records in the United states in the years 1790 through 1846 as an example to study and understand the trend of inventive activity during the Industrial Revolution. It becomes apparent that patenting was pro-cyclical and grew rapidly despite the hinderance of trade following the war of 1812. There is a strong correlation between patenting, inventive activity and market growth and this is a positive relationship where one benefits the other while also being improved. Changes in cultural attitudes, prosperity of investment, new methods of information transfer, production, specialization, resource availability and inventive behavior all were involved in industrial growth, which directly impacted/influenced the relationship with man and his surrounding environment (Sokoloff). This development is important to understand in the realm of mans interaction with the environment in that as man has a desire to create, he must inevitably consume. To create something new you must first consume and destroy the old and basic resource in order to make a new product. In the case of the Industrial Revolution the old is resources and the new is a shiny and exciting commodity. In this time of new creation also came the development of consumerism. Consumerism was initially born in 18th century Britain and was later spread to the United States and other more developed nations. We see consumerism sprout up with the introduction of slavery and the racialization of Africans as commodities and the development of cash crops. Many farmers began growing and producing products such as sugar and other unnecessary items rather than what was needed. This was also the beginning of the development of a more capitalist and wealth driven society. We see the development of the market system and the transition of views on self-gain from negative to positive. The economic mindset of the market system would leave the modern world essentially an economic world and the period of 1750-1914 became an era of the capitalist entrepreneur (Chang Lec. 1). It is in this time period that the Industrial Revolution occurred situating itself as the center piece for the development of the modern age and a movement into resource consumption on a non-sustainable level. Sustainability is the concept of allowing the environment to recover and with large expansions in production and usage it was not able to. The Industrial Revolution was characterized by the disregard for sustainability in favor of economic prosperity. The focus changed from the success as a collective to the success of the individual and the desire for consumption became the focal point f or development. The natural human desire for consumption and the development of cultural systematic destruction of the environment became most prevalent during the Industrial Revolution. Jacobus A Du. Pisani gives a excellent description of the human desire to control his environment and to become successful; As the Industrial Revolution was unfolding on the world stage from the 18th century, irrevocably transforming human societies, human progress was also linked to economic growth and material advancement. Donald Worster (1993: 178, 179, 180) describes how industrialization caused ?the greatest revolution in outlook that has ever taken place by leading people to think that it is right for them to dominate the natural order and radically transform it into consumer goods, that it is necessary and acceptable to ravage the landscape in the pursuit of maximum economic production, and that only things produced by industry and placed on the market for sale have value. (Pisani). We see that during the revolution there is little value in raw materials, but that value is found rather in consumer items and purchasable items like cigars and sewing machines. This trend progressed into the modern era as little value is placed on raw materials but rather on items that require some form of production. As a society Britain and other more developed nations saw the creation of jobs not associated with production as there are none available. There is a class of workers who are not producers, but solely consumers. As workers they are used for jobs such as book keeping or banking. They make money for the sole purpose of redistribution into the economic system, even if they are under the impression that it is for their own economic prosperity. Thus, the development of an entire class of consumers dedicated to helping the market system succeed. Today this has gotten to a point of being where there are not enough jobs and yet people without jobs are still consuming goods. This trend leads to more unsustainable consumption and the environment is further damaged. As a collective, humans have stopped producing for necessity but rather for economic gain. This desire for prosperity and success clouds the ability to see the repercussions. It was Thomas Hobbes that said that mans motivation for conflict stemmed from three main sources: Competition for gain, Diffidence for safety and Glory for reputation. He describes these motivations as human nature and that man cannot be blamed for them (Chang Lec. 2). As basic needs of man are consistently fulfilled he can look for s uccess in higher tiers of need. His position in society and his wealth become a primary concern as food and shelter or always a given. As society modernized the connection between man and the environment became less mutual and more parasitic as man began to give less and take more. Man relied less on the natural world and began to urbanize, separating themselves from the environment. During the Industrial Revolution there was a major change in human living habits and a mass influx of populations into more concentrated areas and cities. We see that during the Industrial Revolution there is a mass movement toward urban centers and cities as this is where work was available. Human beings crowded into these concrete and steel jungles and this resulted in an amplification of environmental impacts. There was a rampant spread of disease, and pollution was magnified by large numbers being collected into smaller areas. In Principles of Political Economy, first published in 1848, John Stuart Mill included a short chapter on the ?stationary state, which implied a stationary condition of capital and population, but not of human improvement. He states, I sincerely hope, for the sake of posterity, that the worlds population ?will be content to be stationary, long before necessity compels them to it (Mill 1883: 452 454). Mill was essentially stating that as human beings we should strive to continue to develop and be prepared for a stagnant lifestyle long before we are forced to live in one. With the industrial age came a mass movement to city life and humans became increasingly more stagnant. Just as stagnant water breeds bacteria and disease so do stagnant humans. As more jobs were in factories people moved to where the jobs were, at no fault of their own, as they had to move with the progress of production. During the Industrial Revolution in Britain environmental issues appear as a result of lack of understanding that assets must be protected in order to maintain growth and wealth. The attitude of man shifted from collective success to that of the individual. Environmental issues, which emerged during the Industrial Revolution in 18th Century Britain, were the byproduct of changing attitudes of mans relationship to his environment. This change in attitude was developed by several factors; greater resource demands for capitalist growth, cultural systematic consumption, and changes in living habits by human beings. Understanding of the development of this attitude toward the environment is important to scholars today because as it stands our environment is in peril and to have any chance of future success, the errors of the past should be understood and acknowledged. From the Industrial Revolution starting in Britain and outward into the modern age there has been a trend of disregard for the earth in favor of economic success.

The Story of an Hour Experiencing Grief Differently - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 980 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Story Of An Hour Essay Did you like this example? The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour: Experiencing Grief Differently Throughout The Yellow Wallpaper, written by Charlotte Perkins Gillman, the protagonist is described as a woman of the 1800rs facing oppression by male dominance. In comparison, the protagonist from Kate Chopinrs, The Story of an Hour, experiences the same oppression. Both protagonists are dealing with some type of loss over the course of their short story, but in contrast the effectiveness of their loss differs on opposite ends of the spectrum. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Story of an Hour Experiencing Grief Differently" essay for you Create order Ultimately both protagonists are portrayed as women who experience loss and oppression, but how the difference in loss affects each individual varies from joy to sadness. During this period of time, women were granted few rights. Overall the female gender was expected to reproduce and take care of their husbands. As Kate Chopin writes, But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome (94), along with that, Gillman states, He said I was his darling and his comfort and all he had, and that I must take care of myself for his sake (85). The death of Chopinrs narratorrs husband passing away brought her freedom and self-discovery. Granted the will to no longer serve to her husbandrs needs allows her to spend more time on herself. The pure joy felt by the narrator exemplifies how women were held accountable of taking care of everything else besides themselves. In comparison, Gillmanrs narrator feels pressured to get better not for herself, but because her husband relies heavily on her nurturing. Along with these quotes, one of the more talked about right women were not granted in relevance to The Yellow Wallpaper included the ability to read and write. Jane, the narrator in this specific short story, mentions her writing in secret. For instance, I did write for a while in spite of them; but it does exhaust me a good deal†having to be so sly about it, or else meet with heavy opposition (80), along with And I know John would think it absurd. But I must say what I feel and think in some way†it is such a relief! (85). These statements provided give examples to the claim that women were not granted the right to think for themselves or express how they feel. Thus, another example of oppression. All statements provided support the claim both women were facing oppression by the primary men in their lives. Another comparison that can double as a contrast between these two women was their experience of loss. The narrator from The Yellow Wallpaper lost herself. Over the course of the story, Jane becomes so fixated on the wallpaper and her illness that she loses her sense of self-identity. One example from the text includes, Ive got out at last, said I, in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back (92). This statement was from Jane directly, referring to herself in third person as if she was a completely different entity. She continues to go on referring to herself that way at throughout the ending of the story. At this point, Jane has lost her sanity and believes to be the women she claimed seeing behind the wallpaper. On the other hand, the Chopinrs narrator experienced a physical loss; the loss of her husband. The author makes is known the husband has passed away early in the story. Even though her husbandrs passing left her joyful, she did me ntion briefly she cared for him when the narrator said, She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death (94). Although their losses were different, in a sense they have both lost something dear to them. It is known that there are different ways to cope with losses and everyone grieves differently, but these two women could not have reacted anymore opposite. Gillmanrs narrator reacted in complete sorrow and isolation. As Jane is gradually losing herself more over the course of the story, her body is deteriorating along with her mind. For example, written in the text, I dont weigh a bit more, said I, nor as much; and my appetite may be better in the evening when you are here but it is worse in the morning when you are away (86). As the text exemplifies Jane can not eat, nor gain weight. In fact, she is losing weight from this illness. Both symptoms are clear indicators that she is getting worse. On the other hand, Chopinrs protagonist was filled with great joy upon the news of her husbandrs passing. Multiple times after her findings, the protagonist repeats the word free, feeling freedom from constantly serving a man. In the text Chopin writes, But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome (94). The feeling of no longer having to serve to her husband has allowed the women to begin imagining self-discovery and living for only herself; pure joy and happiness. Ultimately it can be exemplified these short stories were written in comparison and contrast when analyzing the two. As women during a period time before the Womenrs Rights movement, life was difficult and unfair; portraying men as the dominant gender. Charlotte Perkins Gillmanrs narrator was forced to hide her thoughts by writing in secret, along with struggling through sickness that was dismissed by her husband and not taken seriously. Kate Chopinrs protagonist was held captive by societal norms, having to serve her husband. Overall both of these women were suffering through oppression from the primary men in their lives and dealt with loss, but the way they handled their loss differed drastically.

Progression of Homosexuality Free Essays

string(81) " been no conclusive study which has unearthed potential causes of homosexuality\." Abstract Progression of Homosexuality: Evolution of a phenomenon over time Some authors believe that homosexuality is not a kind of conduct, as commonly supposed, but a psychological condition (Woggon, 1981). Thus, it is important to understand that the genuine homosexual condition or inversion, as it is often termed. This condition is something for which the subject is in no way responsible. We will write a custom essay sample on Progression of Homosexuality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some literature suggests that homosexuality in itself it is morally neutral. Like the condition of heterosexuality, however, it tends to find expression in specific sexual acts; and such acts are subject to moral judgment (McNeill, 1966). A major premise established in contemporary literature is the concept that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, as opposed to simply being heterosexual or homosexual. It is possible that this is mainly because increased attention has been paid to the attraction and not merely the action. Braverman (1973) has examined a scale developed by Kinsey, who thought that homosexuality is a normal manifestation of human sexuality. This scale operationalizes the continuum. People are rated on a scale of zero to six. Zero representing exclusive heterosexual inclinations and six exclusive homosexual inclinations. Those who don’t fall into either extreme feel a mixture of both to varying degrees. This middle group is theoretically bisexual. However, people who are close to either extreme tend to be absorbed into that respective category. This absorption leaves only those closer to the centre in the bisexual group. Most research conducted has grouped people into these three categories. The Causes of Homosexuality Fathers, on the other hand, were thought to prefer the other children. In doing so, fathers failed to protect the child from the destructive influence of the mother. The researchers espousing biological and genetic causes of homosexuality were considered to be fringe in those times. Even so, there were studies corroborating such causes. Kallman (1952) conducted a study in which male homosexual monozygotic twins were found to be significantly more similar (in terms of homosexual tendencies) than dizygotic twins. These results were not taken to mean that genetic composition was a necessary condition for the development of homosexuality. Rather, it was generally hought by proponents, that a hereditary physical trait played a role in the cultural shaping of a homosexual. In other words, if a young male or female exhibited physical characteristics associated with the opposite gender that individual would have been treated as if they were homosexual. This would in turn influence their development (a self-fulfilling prophecy). Silberner (1984) referred to a st udy conducted by the State University of New York, in which researchers found a physical correlate to homosexual behavior. They went further to conclude that biological markers for sexual orientation may exist. Even so, researchers made it clear that findings did not focus on definite causes of homosexuality. However, it was admitted that there was a real possibility that there is a biological element of the phenomenon. Even into the 1990’s this vein of research has continued. For example, Bower (1993) identified that significant progress had been made in the pursuit of identifying a gene that may influence some instances of male homosexuality. It was suggested that a gene within a small segment of the X chromosome (passed from mother to son), contributes to the sexual orientation of a subset of homosexual men. Interestingly, a tendency to focus on male homosexuals in scientific research can be seen at this stage. Although an exhaustive list of studies on homosexuality cannot be provided in this forum (nor would it be practical), from a review of the available literature, this is confirmed. The APA removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders in 1973. In 1975 it then released a public statement that homosexuality was not a mental disorder. In 1994, two decades later, the APA finally stated, â€Å"†¦ omosexuality is neither a mental illness nor a moral depravity. It is the way a portion of the population expresses human love and sexuality† From the premises established in this section, a holistic illustration of world-views regarding homosexuality, can be detailed. World Views of Homosexuality Secular As discussed previously, the first half (and a little beyond) of the 20th century spawned varying views of homosexuality (constitution al, developmental and genetic were the main ones). However, the worldviews resulting from such were congruent in the main. This is primarily because of the fact that these theories were aiming to explain the occurrence of a class of aberration/disorder. Consequently, claims, such as homosexuality being classified as a serious psychiatric and social problem (Bieber, 1969), were commonplace in academic literature and reverberated in the wider society. The passage of time into the final quarter of the last century, realized a progressively softer position regarding homosexuality, by both from the academic and wider community. This softening can be observed as being simultaneous with stances adopted by the APA. After the organization’s actions in 1973 and 1975 concerning acceptance of homosexuality, the literature had been littered with expressions of the wide variability in the social acceptance of homosexual activity (Greenberg Bystryn, 1982). Christian The ELCA encourages its congregations to welcome gay and lesbian persons as church members, but it does not allow for the approval or affirmation of gay or lesbian relationships. Specifically, the ordained, commissioned, and consecrated ministries†¦are open to homosexuals only it they remain celibate and no provisions exist for the blessing of same-gender unions (Childs, 2003, p. 32). From these official points of view, a sense of where Christianity stands with regard to homosexuality is only halfway complete (at best). Individual members of the Church, including clergymen, sometimes have conflicting views. As demonstrated, a plethora of worldviews exist, with regards to homosexuality. It is as a result of these, that there ar e various views of the role that psychology and counseling should play in the life of a homosexual and the phenomenon (homosexuality), as a whole. Role of Psychology/Counseling Conclusion Throughout the literature reviewed for this paper, the themes of variability and non-consensus are recurrent. There has been no conclusive study which has unearthed potential causes of homosexuality. You read "Progression of Homosexuality" in category "Papers" Resultant worldviews are varied across and even within secular and religious sources, allowing for no clear-cut path for psychologists/counselors to take in dealing with the phenomenon. By looking at past and current events in the field, it appears as though distinct lines will be drawn, but in non-traditional ways, namely, within as opposed to without. This is with reference to the dichotomy within Christian and secular views of homosexuality. It appears as though the only area of near-consensus is the view that homosexuals (distinct from homosexuality) are not to be condemned, or view as inherently pathological. Holding firm to this premise, further research and interest from the various interest groups may be beneficial to all. References A vicious intolerance. (2009, September 19). Economist, 392(8649). Authorized Version King James Bartoli, E. , Gillem, A. R. (2008). Continuing to depolarize the debate on sexual orientation and religious identity and the therapeutic process. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39, 202-209. Benoit, M. (2005). Conflict between religious commitment and same-sex attraction: Possibilities for a virtuous response. Ethics Behavior, 15, 309–325. Bieber, I. (1969). Homosexuality. The American Journal of Nursing, 69(12), 2637-2641. Bieber, I. , Dain, H. J. , Dince, P. R. , Drellich, M. G. , Grand, H. G. , Gundlach, R. H. , et al. (1962). Homosexuality: A psychoanalytic study. 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Greenwood, SC: Attic Press. Murphy, T. F. (1992). Redirecting sexual orientation: Techniques and justifications. Journal of Sex Research, 29, 501-523. Murphy, T. F. (1997). Gay science: The ethics of sexual orientation research. New York: Columbia University Press. Nicolosi, J. (1991). Reparative therapy of male homosexuality. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. Nicolosi, J. , Byrd, A. D. , Potts, R. W. (2000). Retrospective self-reports of changes in homosexual orientation: A consumer survey of conversion therapy clients. Psychological Reports, 86, 1071-1088. O’Leary, J. S. (1987). Sexual Orientation. The Furrow, 38(11), 680-685. Phillips, J. C. (2004). A welcome addition to the literature: Non-polarized approaches to sexual orientation and religiosity. The Counseling Psychologist, 32, 771-777. Ponticelli, C. M. (1999). Crafting stories of sexual identity reconstruction. Social Psychology Quarterly, 62, 157-172. Safren, S. A. , Rogers, T. (2001). Cognitive behavioural therapy with gay, lesbian, and bisexual clients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, 629-643. Shidlo, A. , Schroeder, M. (2002). Changing sexual orientation: A consumer’s report. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33, 249-259. Silberner, J. (1984). Hormone Markers for Homosexuality? Science News, 126(13), 198-199. Silverstein, C. (1991). Psychological and medical treatments of homosexuality. In J. C. Gonsiorek J. D. Weinrich (Eds. ), Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy (pp. 101-114). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Silverstein, C. (2007), Wearing two hats: The psychologist as activist and therapist. J_ournal of Gay Lesbian Psychotherapy, 11_(3/4), 9-35. Spitzer, R. L. (2003). Can some gay men and lesbians change their sexual orientation? Two hundred participants reporting a change from homosexual to heterosexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 403-417. Stevenson, I. , Wolpe, J. (1960). Recovery from sexual deviations through overcoming nonsexual neurotic responses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 116, 737-742. Stevenson, M. R. (1988). Promoting Tolerance for Homosexuality: An Evaluation of Intervention Strategies. The Journal of Sex Research, 25(4), 500-511. Tan, E. (2008). Mindfulness in sexual identity therapy: A case study. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 27, 274-278. Thomson, Devine. (1998, May 5). Homosexuality: biologically or environmentally constructed. Retrieved October 18, 2009, from Wolkomir, M. (2001). Emotion work, commitment, and the authentication of the self: The case of gay and exgay Christian support groups. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 30, 305-334. Wolkomir, M. (2006). Be not deceived: The sacred and sexual struggles of gay and ex-gay Christian men. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Yip, A. K. T. (1994, June 23). The Development of Lesbian and Gay Rights Movement within the Christian community in Britain. Lecture presented at Organizing Sexuality Confernce, University of Amsterdam. Yip, A. K. T. (1997). Attacking the Attacker: Gay Christians Talk Back. The British Journal of Sociology, 48(1), 113-127. How to cite Progression of Homosexuality, Papers

David, Michelangelo and Donatello free essay sample

During the renaissance Michelangelo had created many magnificent pieces of art, one of which is the most well-known pieces among the world; the sculpture of David. The Michelangelo sculpture of David wasn’t the only one created during its time, for Donatello had created one some years before hand. Among the two sculptures, Michelangelo’s has a more profound, fascinating, and exceptional quality to it that contributed greatly to the Renaissance. The High Renaissance was a period denoting the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance during of which two artists were commissioned to sculpt a very historical figure by the name of David who threw his heroism slaed a Goliath. Donatello’s and Michelangelo sculpture of David are both remarkable pieces of art that have many similarities and differences. In my opinion, I think Michelangelo’s statue of David overall is relaxed pose, but the tension of the statue is held in the face of David. Paying close attention to the statue’s face, one would notice his eye brows are in a downward narrow position. This would indicate to the viewer that there is more behind in the statue than just a casual pose. Also Michelangelo demonstrates a profound knowledge of the human anatomy. As I stated before, the detailed intensity of the eyes and eyebrows and the focus it brings to the face. His eyes are in a keen state focusing on an impending battle; furthermore the face is filled with confidence and aggression. Standing in a relaxed state and, he’s naked but Michel depicted David as a hero. These similarities and differences in the sculptures represent the artists themselves, the Florentine people, as well as the governing body of Florence. The poses, stances, and features of each piece shows different aspects and characteristics of what the society of the time embodied. Donatello sculpture was commissioned during a time where change was unacceptable, and certain guide lines had to be followed this leads me to wonder. Had Donatello been given the freedom to sculpt what his heart desired, would we have a complete different piece of art? Michelangelo had been commissioned to sculpt David some 30 years later by this time you have an artist that is will to push the limitation. Donatello’s sculpture was built in 1469; it celebrates a victory form the Hebrew Bible over the giant Goliath. Donatello portrays David as life size freestanding male towering over the head of the goliath representing a classical tradition. This was the first sculpture of its time to be completely nude. Donatello only dresses David in a hat and boots leaving some clothing and ‘nothing left to the imagination’. The sculpture’s appearance is almost womanlike, fragile, with lavish hair a man that is young, full with vitality, strength, and determination. A man that is content with himself as he casually stands above the head proving to all his willingness and success to overcome tyranny. The hat and sandals are added to dignify the statue, yet the boots remind me of a sheared that would normally guide people. Michelangelo represents David before his triumph over goliath sublimely and confident, ready to take on whatever challenge faced him. As the people of Florence were now ready to take on the world without Medici, As another self-supporting statue of a theological hero, this statue was made to be gigantic. The figure was over 17 feet tall sculpted out of marble the boyish looking man towers over the people with confidence. Portrayed like a god, the nudity and the contrapposto stance are all biased of the Ancient Greek. This sculptor represents the humanism in pristine condition, strong and healthy with compelling beauty and grace. Michelangelo sculpted a David before the battle with Goliath, because this statue was a way to portray a new light for the people of Florence. In this statue David is holding a fruit this represent a sense of integrity and intellect a calmer way to look at things. The similarities between the two David’s are that both are nude, both portray strengths and each one hold the contrapposto stance. The one of the differences between the two Davids is in the eyes Michelangelo’s David has very detailed eyes there looking forward as if to see with an open heart what might be coming next the eyes seem almost embracing and intimidating. Michelangelo seems to represents David in his prime In my opinion the best work of art came from Michelangelo because of the amount of detail that was put into it. They did show humanism in their work. Humanism was not a religion but more of a life philosophy. They focused more on their accomplishments and skills rather than their position in society. They were all men of accomplishment. Humanism is also used to refer to the style they used in their art. Before them, most art appeared flat and two dimensional. With the influence of humanism, these artists focused more on detail and bringing out the illusion of space, form, and dimension. They were among the first to use perspective. So to sum up, they showed humanism in their careers and their artwork. Leonardo Mona Lisa, The Vitruvian Man, Battle of Anghiari, The Last Supper, Madonna of the Carnation Michelangelo David, The Creation of Adam, Rome Pieta, Conversion of Saint Paul Donatello David, Agony in the Garden, St John the Evangelist, Gattamelata The form of classical sculpture became fluid and natural and the stylization of the archaic art gave way to realistic figures which emanated the illusion of moving through space. For the first time in human history, human anatomy was deemed worthy of being immortalized in stone or bronze, and the humble and laborious forward step of the kouros statues was replaced by poses that commanded their space with effortless movement. Michelangelo depicted David before his battle with Goliath. Davis is tense, but not so much in a physical as in a mental sense. See the stiffness of the sculptures before Renaissance 9link below), and the flui